Knowledge Update

Organizational politics refers to activities undertaken within an organization to acquire, develop, and use power and other resources to obtain one’s preferred outcomes in situations of uncertainty or conflict. It encompasses behaviors that are not part of an individual's formal role but are used to influence decision-making processes, often driven by self-interest. While organizational politics is sometimes seen in a negative light, it is a complex phenomenon that can yield both positive and negative outcomes depending on how it is practiced and perceived.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to the development of sophisticated large language models (LLMs) that are transforming industries, education, and human-computer interaction. This evolution has progressed through multiple generations of AI models, starting with early rule-based systems, followed by statistical models, deep learning-based transformers, and now highly advanced models like OpenAI’s ChatGPT, DeepSeek’s DeepSeek-V3, and Alibaba’s Qwen. While ChatGPT has dominated the conversational AI space, emerging models such as DeepSeek and Qwen offer competitive alternatives with open-weight architectures and specialized multilingual capabilities. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of AI language models, their technical distinctions, potential applications, and future research directions toward next-generation AI systems.

In the dynamic field of English literature and criticism, the study of the contemporary novel remains one of the most fertile grounds for academic inquiry. As we move further into the 21st century, novelists continue to challenge the boundaries of genre, narrative structure, and thematic focus. Scholars must stay updated with these literary shifts, both as a matter of intellectual responsibility and critical engagement.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) [1] is transforming industries and everyday life. The integration of these two powerful technologies, often referred to as AIoT (Artificial Intelligence of Things) [2], is driving innovations in smart homes, healthcare, industrial automation, and more. This article explores how AI and IoT converge to create intelligent, data-driven ecosystems.

The convergence of two groundbreaking technologies, the Metaverse and Artificial Intelligence (AI), heralds a transformative era for communication, learning, and the very fabric of employment. The Metaverse, envisioned as a persistent and shared virtual universe, provides immersive digital landscapes where individuals can interact and collaborate in unprecedented ways. Complementing this, AI, with its capacity to emulate human cognitive functions, injects intelligence and adaptability into these virtual realms, making them dynamic, responsive, and ultimately more valuable. The core ambition driving the integration of AI within the Metaverse lies in empowering these digital spaces to comprehend user needs, learn from interactions, and personalize experiences, thereby unlocking their full potential for both educational and professional endeavors.

The evolution of supply chain management has been significantly influenced by digital transformation, leading to the emergence of e-supply chains. These digitally integrated systems aim to enhance efficiency, improve real-time tracking, and optimize overall performance. However, e-supply chains also introduce a range of challenges that organizations must navigate to ensure smooth operations. These challenges span technological limitations, cybersecurity threats, supply chain disruptions, and difficulties in achieving seamless coordination between different stakeholders.

Tourism plays a crucial role in the economic development of many developing countries, serving as a major contributor to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The industry not only generates direct income but also creates employment opportunities, attracts foreign investment, and stimulates infrastructure development. Developing nations often possess rich cultural heritage, diverse landscapes, and unique traditions that appeal to international tourists. These attributes, when effectively marketed and supported by government policies, can significantly enhance national income and improve living standards for local populations.

The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) is bringing about a radical paradigm shift in how we approach and interact with academic writing in the fast-paced world of academia. This revolutionary force is radically changing the dynamics of scholarly communication and knowledge distribution in addition to simplifying procedures [1]. Academic writing has historically been a time-consuming and labour-intensive process that requires very hard work. It may be careful study, analysis, and adherence to strict citation guidelines. However, the emergence of AI has caused a transformation in the writing processes of scholars, researchers, and students.

ESG Reporting has gained momentum worldwide and same is in the Middle East. Investors , government and all the stakeholders now demand and look upon the companies who are committed to sustainability. Since these stakeholders seek greater accountability and transparency, the popularity of ESG has been increasing. This practiced has transformed the landscape of organization and compelled organizations to disclose their sustainability risks and strategies. Middle East was previously more dependent on fossil fuels, but now it has embraced ESG reporting as a tool for its long term growth and resilience.

Alpha decay and double alpha decay are significant decay modes in heavy and super-heavy nuclei. Alpha decay, identified by Ernest Rutherford in 1899 [1] and explained with Frederick Soddy (1902–1903), involves the emission of a helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons), causing the parent atom to transform into a new element. This well-studied process has been instrumental in understanding nuclear stability and decay chains [2].